Pietre miliari nelle Neuroscienze

Alcune delle migliori pubblicazioni sulla storia delle neuroscienze sono: M.A.B. Brazier. A History of the Electrical Activity of the Brain, London: Pitman, 1961. M.A.B. Brazier. A History of Neurophysiology in the 19th Century, New York: Raven Press, 1988. E. Clarke and K. Dewhurst. An Illustrated History of Brain Function, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1972. E. Clarke and C.D. O'Malley. The Human Brain and Spinal Cord, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1968. S. Finger. Origins of Neuroscience, New York: Oxford University Press, 1994. C.G. Gross. Brain, Vision, Memory. Tales in the History ofNeuroscience, Cambridge, MIT Press, 1998. L.H. Marshall and H.W. Magoun. Discoveries in the Human Brain,Totowa; Humana Press, 1998. F.C. Rose and W.F. Bynum. Historical Aspects of the Neurosciences. A Festschrift for Macdonald Critchely, New York: Raven Press, 1982. B.E. Swartz and E.S. Goldenshon. Time line of the history of EEG and associated fields, in Electroenceph. Clin. Neurophysiol., 106:173-176,1998. Dal 4000 A.C. all'anno 0 ca. 4000 A.C. - I Sumeri riportano gli effetti euforizzanti del papavero ca. 2700 A.C. - Shen Nung inventa l'agopuntura ca. 1700 A.C. - Gli egiziani scrivono l' Edwin Smith surgical papyrus, la prima descrizione scritta del sistema nervoso ca. 500 A.C. - Alcmaion di Crotona disseziona i nervi sensitivi 460-379 A.C. - Hippocrates discusses epilepsy as a disturbance of thebrain 460-379 A.C. - Hippocrates states that the brain is involved with sensation and is the seat of intelligence. 387 A.C. - Plato teaches at Athens. Believes brain is seat of mental process 335 A.C. - Aristotle writes on sleep; believes heart is seat of mental process 335-280 A.C. - Herophilus (the "Father of Anatomy"); believes ventricles are seat of human intelligence. 280 A.C. - Erasistratus of Chios notes divisions of the brain Ippocrate Per cortesia della Blocker History of MedicineCollections, Moody Medical Library, Univ. Texas Med. Branch,Galveston 0 A.D. to 1500 177 - Galen lecture "On the Brain" ca. 100 - Marinus describes the tenth cranial nerve ca. 1000 - Alhazen compares the eye to a camera-like device 1316 - Mondino de'Luzzi writes the first European anatomy textbook(Anothomia) 1410 - Institution for the mentally ill established in Valencia, Spain Imagecourtesy of the NationalLibrary of Medicine, History of Medicine Collection 1500 - 1600 1504 - Leonardo da Vinciproduces wax cast of human ventricles 1536 - Nicolo Massa describes the cerebrospinal fluid 1543 - Andreas Vesalius publishes "On the Workings of the Human Body" 1543 - Andreas Vesalius discusses pineal gland and draws the corpus striatum 1552 - Bartolomeo Eustachio completes "Tabulae Anatomicae" 1561 - Gabriele Falloppio publishes "Observationes Anatomicae"and describes some of the cranial nerves 1562 - Bartolomeo Eustachio publishes "The Examination of the Organ ofHearing" 1564 - Aranzi coins term "hippocampus" 1573 - Constanzo Varolio names the pons 1573 - Constanzo Varolio is first to cut brain starting at its base 1583 - Felix Platter states that the lens only focuses light 1586 - A. Piccolomini distinguishes between cortex and white matter 1587 - Giulio Cesare Aranzi describes ventricles and hippocampus 1590 - Zacharias Janssen invents thecompound microscope Leonardo Da Vinci Andreas Vesalius Image courtesy of the Blocker History of MedicineCollections, Moody Medical Library, Univ. Texas Med. Branch,Galveston 1600 - 1700 1604 - Johannes Kepler describes inverted retinal image 1609 - J. Casserio publishes first description of mammillary bodies 1641 - Francis de la Boe Sylvius describes fissure on the lateral surfaceof the brain (Sylvian fissure) 1649 - Rene Descartes describes pineal as control center of body and mind 1658 - Johann Jakof Wepfer theorizes that a broken brain blood vessel maycause apoplexy (stroke) 1662 - Rene Descartes "De homine" is published (He died in1650) 1664 - Thomas Willis publishes "Cerebri anatome" 1664 - Thomas Willis describes the eleventh cranial nerve 1664 - Gerardus Blasius discovers and names the "arachnoid." 1665 - RobertHooke details his first microscope 1668 - l'Abbe Edme Mariotte discovers the blind spot 1670 - William Molins names the trochlear nerve 1673 - Joseph DuVerney uses experimental ablation technique in pigeons 1684 - Raymond Vieussens publishes "Neurographia Universalis" 1684 - Raymond Vieussens uses boiling oil to harden the brain 1695 - Humphrey Ridley describes the restiform body 1695 - Humphrey Ridley publishes "The Anatomy of theBrain" Thomas Willis Image courtesy of the Blocker History of MedicineCollections, Moody Medical Library, Univ. Texas Med. Branch,Galveston 1700 - 1800 1704 - Antonio Valsalva publishes "On the Human Ear" 1705 - AntonioPacchioni describes arachnoid granulations 1709 - Domenico Mistichelli describes pyramidal decussation 1717 - Antonyvan Leeuwenhoek describes nerve fiber in cross section 1736 - Jean Astruc coins the term reflex 1740 - Emanuel Swedenborg publishes "Oeconomia regni animalis" 1764 - D.F.A. Cotugno describes spinal subarachnoid cerebrospinal fluid 1772 - John Walsh conducts experiments on torpedo (electric) fish 1773 - John Fothergill describes trigeminal neuralgia (tic douloureux,Fothergill's syndrome) 1774 - Franz Anton Mesmer introduces "animal magnetism" (later called hypnosis) 1776 - Sir Joseph Priestley discovers nitrous oxide 1776 - M.V.G. Malacarne publishes first book solely devoted to thecerebellum 1777 - Philip Meckel proposes that the inner ear is filled with fluid, notair 1779 - Antonius Scarpa describes Scarpa's ganglion of the vestibularsystem 1782 - Francesco Gennari publishes work on "lineola albidior" (later known as the stripe of Gennari) 1786 - FelixVicq d'Azyr discovers the locus coeruleus 1791 - LuigiGalvani publishes work on electrical stimulation of frog nerves 1794 - John Dalton describes color blindness 1796 - Johann Christian Reil describes the insula (island of Reil) Antony van Leeuwenhoek Franz Anton Mesmer Images courtesy of the Blocker History of MedicineCollections, Moody Medical Library, Univ. Texas Med. Branch,Galveston 1800 - 1850 1800 - Alessandro Volta invents the wet cell battery 1800 - Humphrey Davy synthesizes nitrous oxide 1803 - Friedrich Serturner isolates morphine from opium 1805 - Felix Vicq d'Azyr discovers the red nucleus 1808 - Franz JosephGall publishes work on phrenology 1809 - Johann Christian Reil uses alcohol to harden the brain 1809 - Luigi Rolando uses galvanic current to stimulate cortex 1811 - Julien Jean Legallois discovers respiratory center in medulla 1811 - CharlesBell discusses functional differences between dorsal and ventral roots of the spinal cord 1813 - Felix Vicq d'Azyr discovers the claustrum 1817 - JamesParkinson publishes "An Essay on the ShakingPalsy" 1818 - Library of the Surgeon General's Office established (later tobecome the Army Medical Library and then the National Library ofMedicine) 1820 - Galvanometer invented 1821 - Charles Bell describes facial paralysis ipsilateral to facial nervelesion (Bell's palsy) 1821 - FrancoisMagendie discusses functional differences between dorsal and ventral roots of the spinal cord 1822 - Friedrich Burdach names the cingular gyrus 1822 - Friedrich Burdach distinguishes lateral and medial geniculate 1823 - Marie-Jean-Pierre Flourens states that cerebellum regulates motor activity 1824 - John C. Caldwell publishes "Elements of Phrenology" 1824 - Marie-Jean-Pierre Flourens details ablation to study behavior 1824 - F. Magendie provides first evidence of cerebellum role in equilibration 1825 - John P. Harrison first argues against phrenology 1825 - Jean-Baptiste Bouillaud presents cases of loss of speech afterfrontal lesions. 1825 - Robert B. Todd discusses the role of the cerebral cortex inmentation, corpus striatum in movement and midbrain in emotion. 1825 - Luigi Rolando describes the sulcus that separates the precentraland postcentral gyri 1826 - JohannesMuller publishes theory of "specific nerve energies" 1827 - F. Magendie discovers foramen of Magendie 1832 - Chloral hydrate discovered 1836 - Marc Dax reads paper on left hemisphere damage effects onspeech. 1836 - Gabriel Gustav Valentin identifies neuron nucleus and nucleolus 1836 - Robert Remak describes myelinated and unmyelinated axons 1836 - Charles Dickens (the novelist) describes obstructive sleepapnea 1837 - Jan Purkyne (Purkinje) describes cerebellar cells; identifiesneuron nucleus and processes 1838 - Robert Remak suggests that nerve fiber and nerve cell are joined 1839 - Theodor Schwann proposes the cell theory 1839 - C. Chevalier coins the term microtome 1839 - Francois Leuret names the Rolandic sulcus for LuigiRolando 1840 - Adolph Hannover uses chromic acid to harden nervous tissue 1840 - J.G.F. Baillarger discusses the connections between white and graymatter of cerebral cortex 1842 - Benedikt Stilling is first to study spinal cord in serial sections 1842 - Crawford W. Long uses ether on man 1843 - James Braid coins term "hypnosis" 1844 - Robert Remak provides first illustration of 6-layered cortex 1846 - Carlo Matteucci invents the kymograph 1844 - Horace Wells uses nitrous oxide during a tooth extraction 1846 - William Morton demonstrates ether anesthesia at Mass. Gen. Hospital 1847 - Chloroform anesthesia used by James Young Simpson 1847 - American Medical Association is founded 1848 - Phineas Gage has his brain pierced by an ironrod 1850 - 1900 1850 - Augustus Waller describes appearance of degenerating nerve fibers 1850 - Marshall Hall coins term spinal shock 1850 - EmilDu Bois-Reymond invents nerve galvanometer 1851 - Heinrich Muller is first to describe the colored pigments in theretina 1851 - Marchese Alfonso Corti desribes the cochlear receptor organ in theinner ear (organ of Corti) 1851 - Hermann von Helmholtz invents ophthalmoscope 1852 - Hermann von Helmholtz measures the speed of frog nerve impulses 1853 - William Benjamin Carpenter proposes "sensory ganglion" (thalamus) as seat of consciousness. 1854 - Louis P. Gratiolet describes convolutions of the cerbralcortex. 1855 - Bartolomeo Panizza shows the occipital lobe is essential for vision 1855 - Richard Heschl desrcibes the transverse gyri in the temporal lobe(Heschl's gyri) 1859 - CharlesDarwin publishes The Origin of Species 1860 - Albert Niemann purifies cocaine 1860 - Gustav Theodor Fechner develops "Fechner's law" 1861 - PaulBroca discusses cortical localization 1861 - T.H. Huxley coins term "calcarine sulcus" 1862 - William Withey Gull describes clinical signs of syringomyelia 1863 - I.M. Sechenov publishes Reflexes of the Brain. 1863 - Nikolaus Friedreich describes a progressive hereditary degenerativeCNS disorder (Friedreich's ataxia) 1864 - JohnHughlings Jackson writes on loss of speech after brain injury 1865 - Otto Friedrich Karl Deiters differentiates dendrites and axons 1865 - Otto Friedrich Karl Deiters describes the lateral vestibularnucleus(Deiter's nucleus) 1866 - John Langdon Haydon Down publishes work on congenital "idiots" 1866 - Julius Bernstein hypothesized that a nerve impulse is a "wave ofnegativity" 1867 - TheodoreMeynert performs histologic analysis of cerebralcortex. 1869 - Francis Galton claims that intelligence is heredity (publication ofHereditary Genius) 1870 - EduardHitzig and GustavFritsch discover cortical motor area of dog using electrical stimulation 1870 - Ernst von Bergmann writes first textbook on nervous systemsurgery. 1871 - Louis-Antoine Ranvier describes nerve fiber constriction 1872 - GeorgeHuntington describes symptoms of a hereditary chorea 1873 - CamilloGolgi publishes first work on the silver nitrate method 1874 - Vladimir Alekseyevich Betz publishes work on giant pyramidal cells 1874 - Roberts Bartholow electrically stimulates human cortical tissue 1874 - CarlWernicke publishes "Der Aphasische Symptomencomplex" on aphasias 1875 - Sir David Ferrier describes different parts of monkey motor cortex 1875 - Richard Caton is first to record electrical activity from the brain 1875 - Wilhelm Heinrich Erb and Carl Friedrich Otto Westphal describe theknee jerk reflex 1876 - Franz Christian Boll discovers rhodopsin 1876 - Francis Galton uses the term "nature and nuture" to explain"heredity and environment" 1877 - Jean-MartinCharcot publishes "Lectures on the Diseases of the Nervous System" 1878 - W. Bevan Lewis publishes work on giant pyramidal cells of human precentral gyrus 1878 - ClaudeBernard describes nerve/muscle blocking action of curare 1878 - PaulBroca publishes work on the "great limbic lobe" 1878 - W.R. Gowers publishes "Unilateral Gunshot Injury to the SpinalCord" 1879 - Camillo Golgi describes the "musculo-tendineous organs" (later tobe know as the "Golgi tendon organs" 1879 - William Crookes invents the cathode ray tube 1879 - WilhelmWundt sets up lab devoted to study human behavior 1880 - Jean Baptiste Edouard Gelineau introduces the word "narcolepsy" 1881 - Hermann Munk reports on visual abnormalities after occipital lobeablation in dogs 1883 - SirVictor Horsley describes effects of nitrous oxideanesthesia 1883 - Emil Kraepelin coins terms neuroses and psychoses 1884 - Karl Koller discovers anesthetic properties of cocaine 1884 - Georges Gilles de la Tourette describes several movement disorders 1885 - Paul Ehrlich notes that intravenous dye does not stain brain 1885 - CarlWeigert introduces hematoxylin to stain myelin 1885 - LudwigEdinger describes nucleus that will be known as the Edinger-Westphal nucleus 1886 - V. Marchi publishes procedure to stain degenerating myelin 1886 - World's first Ph.D. in psychology given to Joseph Jastrow atJohns Hopkins University 1887 - SergeiKorsakoff describes symptoms characteristic in alcoholics 1887 - The National Institutes of Health established 1887 - Alfred Binet and C. Fere publish Animal Magnetism, a studyon hypnosis 1888 - William W. Keen, Jr. is first American to remove intracranialmeningioma 1888 - Hans Chiari introduces the term "syringomyelia" 1889 - SantiagoRamon y Cajal argues that nerve cells are independent elements 1889 - William His coins term dendrite 1889 - Sir Victor Horsley publishes somatotopic map of monkey motorcortex. 1889 - Carlo Martinotti describes cortical neuron with ascending axon(this neuron now bears his name, Martinotti cell) 1889 - F.C. Muller-Lyer discovers the Muller-Lyerillusion 1890 - Wilhelm Ostwald discovers the membrane theory of nerveconduction 1891 - H. Quincke introduces the lumbar puncture 1891 - Wilhelm von Waldeyer coins the term neuron 1891 - Luigi Luciani publishes manuscript on the cerebellum 1892 - Salomen Eberhard Henschen localizes vision to calcarine fissure 1892 - American Psychological Association formed 1893 - PaulEmil Flechsig describes myelinization of the brain. 1893 - Charles Scott Sherrington coins the term proprioceptive 1894 - FranzNissl stains neurons with dahlia violet 1895 - William His first uses the term hypothalamus 1895 - WilhelmKonrad Roentgen invents the X-ray 1895 - Heinrick Quincke performs lumbar puncture to study cerebrospinalfluid 1896 - Max von Frey details "stimulus hairs" to test the somatosensory system 1896 - Rudolph Albert von Kolliker coins the term axon 1896 - Joseph Babinski describes the Babinski Sign 1896 - Emil Kraeplein describes dementia praecox 1897 - IvanPetrovich Pavlov publishes work on physiology of digestion 1897 - Karl Ferdinand Braun invents the oscilloscope 1897 - John Jacob Abel isolates adrenalin 1897 - CharlesScott Sherrington coins term synapse 1897 - Ferdinand Blum uses formaldehyde as brain fixative 1898 - C.S. Sherrington describes decerebrate rigidity in cat 1898 - Camillo Golgi discovers the Golgi apparatus 1898 - Edward L. Thorndike describes the puzzle box 1898 - Bayer Drug Company markets heroin as nonaddicting cough medicine 1898 - John Newport Langley coins term autonomic nervous system 1899 - Francis Gotch describes a "refractory phase" between nerveimpulses 1899 - Bayer AG introduces aspirin 1899 - August Bier uses cocaine for intraspinal anesthesia John HughlingsJackson Image courtesy of the National Library of Medicine, History of MedicineCollection Charles Darwin Hermann von Helmholtz Jean-Martin Charcot Claude Bernard Images courtesy of the Blocker History of MedicineCollections, Moody Medical Library, Univ. Texas Med. Branch,Galveston 1900 - 1950 1900 - SigmundFreud publishes TheInterpretation of Dreams 1900 - C.S. Sherrington states that cerebellum is head ganglion of the proprioceptive system 1902 - Julius Bernstein proposes membrane theory for cells 1903 - Ivan Pavlov coins term conditioned reflex 1903 - Alfred W. Campbell studies cytoarchitecture of anthropoid cerebralcortex. 1904 - Procaine is synthesized 1905 - Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon have their first intelligence test 1906 - AloisAlzheimer describes presenile degeneration 1906 - Golgi and Cajal-Nobel Prize-Structure of the Nervous System 1906 - Sir Charles S. Sherrington publishes The Integrative Action ofthe Nervous system that describes the synapse and motor cortex. 1907 - Ross Granville Harrison describes tissue culture methods 1907 - John N. Langley introduces the concept of receptor molecules 1908 - Vladimir Bekhterew describes the superior nucleus of the vestibularnerve (Bekhterew's nucleus) 1908 - V. Horsley and R.H. Clarke design stereotaxic instrument 1909 - HarveyCushing is first to electrically stimulate human sensory cortex 1909 - KorbinianBrodmann describes 52 discrete cortical areas 1910 - Emil Kraepelin names Alzheimer's disease 1911 - Allvar Gullstrand-Nobel Prize-Optics of the eye 1911 - Eugen Bleuler coins term schizophrenia 1913 - Santiago Ramon y Cajal develops gold chlride-mercury stain to showastrocytes. 1913 - Edwin Ellen Goldmann finds blood brain barrier impermeable to large molecules 1913 - Edgar Douglas Adrian publishes work on all-or-none principle in nerve 1913 - Walter Samuel Hunter devises delayed-response test 1914 - Robert Barany-Nobel Prize-Vestibular apparatus 1914 - Henry H. Dale isolates acetylcholine 1915 - J.G. Dusser De Barenne describes activity of brain after strychnine application 1915 - Aspirin becomes available without a prescription 1916 - Richard Henneberg coins term cataplexy 1918 - Walter E. Dandy introduces the ventriculography 1919 - CecileVogt describes over 200 cortical areas 1919 - Walter E. Dandy introduces the air encephalography 1919 - GordonMorgan Holmes localizes vision to striate area 1920 - Society of Neurological Surgeons is founded. 1920 - HenryHead publishes "Studies in Neurology" 1921 - Otto Loewi publishes work on Vagusstoff 1921 - Hermann Rorschach develops the ink blot test 1921 - John Augustus Larsen and Leonard Keeler develop the polygraph 1922 - Army Medical Library established (was the Library of the SurgeonGeneral's Office) 1924 - Charles Scott Sherrington discovers the stretch reflex 1925 - C.von Economo and G.N. Koskinas revise Brodmann's corticalnomenclature of the cerebral cortex. 1926 - Percival Bailey and Harvey Cushing publish paper describing morethe 2,000 neuroepithelial neoplasms. 1927 - Chester William Darrow studies galvanic skin reflex in US 1928 - P. Bard suggests the neural mechanism of rage is in the diencephalon 1928 - Walter R. Hess reports "affective responses" to hypothalamic stimulation 1928 - John Fulton publishes his observations (made in 1926 and 1928) ofthe sounds of blood flowing over the human visual cortex. 1929 - HansBerger demonstrates first human electroencephalogram 1929 - KarlLashley defines "equipotentiality" and "mass action" 1927 - J.Wagner-Jauregg - Nobel Prize-Malaria to treat dementia paralyses 1929 - Joseph Erlanger and Herbert Spencer Gasser publish work on thecorrelation of nerve fiber size and function 1930 - JohnCarew Eccles shows central inhibition of flexor reflexes 1932 - Max Knoll and Ernst Ruska invent the electron microscope 1932 - Jan Friedrich Tonnies develops multichannel ink-writing EEG machine 1932 - Edgar Douglas Adrian and Charles S. Sherrington share Nobel Prize for work on the function of neurons 1932 - J.F. Toennies and Brian Matthews design the differentialamplifier 1932 - Walter B. Cannon coins the term homeostasis 1933 - Ralph Waldo Gerard describes first experimental evoked potentials 1934 - S. Howard Bartley performs studies on cortical visual evokedpotentials in rabbits 1935 - Frederic Bremer uses cerveau isole preparation to study sleep 1936 - EgasMoniz publishes work on the first human frontal lobotomy 1936 - Henry Hallett Dale and Otto Loewi share Nobel Prize for work on the chemical transmission between nerves 1936 - Walter Freeman performs first lobotomy in theUnited States 1937 - JamesPapez publishes work on limbic circuit 1936 - Massachusetts General Hospital has first EEG laboratory 1937 - Heinrich Kluver and Paul Bucy publish work on bilateral temporal lobectomies 1937 - James W. Papez develops "visceral theory" of emotion 1937 - J.Z. Young suggests that the squid giant axon can be used tounderstand nerve cells 1938 - B.F.Skinner publishes "The Behavior of Organisms" thatdescribes operant conditioning 1938 - Albert Hofmann synthesizes LSD 1938 - UgoCerletti and Lucino Bini treat human patients withelectroshock 1939 - Carl Pfaffman describes directionally sensitive cat mechanoreceptors 1939 - Nathaniel Kleitman publishes Sleep and Wakefulness 1943 - John Raymond Brobeck describes hypothalamic hyperphasia 1944 - Joseph Erlanger and Herbert Spencer Gasser share Nobel Prize for work on the functions of single nerve fiber 1946 - Theodor Rasmussen describes the olivocochlear bundle (bundle ofRasmussen) 1946 - Kenneth Cole develops the voltage clamp 1947 - The American EEG Society is founded 1949 - A.C.A.F. Egas Moniz-Nobel Prize-Leucotomy to treat certain psychoses 1949 - Walter Rudolph Hess receives Nobel Prize for work on the "Interbrain" 1949 - Horace Winchell Magoun defines the reticular activating system 1949 - G. Moruzzi and H. Magoun publish Brain Stem Reticular Formationand Activation of the EEG 1949 - Donald O. Hebb publishes The Organization of Behavior: ANeuropsychological Theory. HarveyCushing Image courtesy of the National Library of Medicine, History of MedicineCollection EgasMoniz Image courtesy of the National Library of Medicine, History of MedicineCollection 1950 - present 1950 - Karl Lashley publishes "In Search of the Engram" 1950 - Eugene Roberts identifies GABA in the brain 1950 - The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Strokeestablished (it has gone through several name changes) 1951 - MAO-inhibitors introduced to treat psychotics 1952 - A.L. Hodgkin and A.F. Huxley first describe the voltage clamp 1953 - Eugene Aserinski and Nathaniel Kleitman describe rapid eye movements (REM) during sleep 1953 - H. Kluver and E. Barrera introduce Luxol fast blue MBS stain 1953 - Stephen Kuffler publishes work on center-surround, on-offorganization of retinal ganglion cell receptive fields 1954 - James Olds describes rewarding effects of hypothalamic stimulation 1954 - John Lilly invents the "isolation tank" 1954 - Chlorpromazinewas approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration 1956 - L. Leksell uses ultrasound to examine the brain 1956 - National Library of Medicine named (was the Army MedicalLibrary) 1957 - W.Penfield and T. Rasmussen devise motor andsensory humunculus 1960 - Oleh Hornykiewicz shows that brain dopamine is lower than normal in Parkinson's disease patients 1961 - GeorgVon Bekesy awarded the Nobel Prize for his work on the function of thecochlea 1963 - John Carew Eccles, Alan Lloyd Hodgkin and Andrew Fielding Huxley share Nobel Prize for work on the mechanisms of the neuron cell membrane 1965 - Ronald Melzack and Patrick D. Wall publish gatecontrol theory of pain 1967 - Ragnar Arthur Granit, Halden Keffer Hartline and George Wald share Nobel Prize for work on the mechanisms of vision 1968 - National Eye Institute is established 1969 - D.V. Reynolds describes the analgesic effect of electricalstimulation of the periaqueductal gray 1970 - Society for Neuroscience is founded 1970 - Julius Axelrod, Bernard Katz and Ulf Svante von Euler share Nobel Prize for work on neurotransmitters 1972 - C. Hounsfield develops x-ray computed tomography 1973 - Candace Pert and Solomon Snyder demonstrate opioid receptors in brain 1973 - Sinemet is introduced as a treatment for Parkinson's disease 1973 - Konrad Z. Lorenz, Nikolaas Tinbergen and Karl von Frisch share Nobel Prize for work on ethology 1974 - National Institute on Drug Abuse established 1974 - International Association for the Study of Pain founded 1974 - John Hughes and Hans Kosterlitz discover enkephalin 1974 - M.E.Phelps, E.J.Hoffman and M.M.Ter Pogossian develop first PET scanner 1975 - John Hughes and Hans Kosterlitz publish work on enkephalins 1976 - Choh Hao Li and David Chung publish work on beta-endorphin 1977 - Roger Guillemin and Andrew Victor Schally share Nobel Prize for work on peptides in the brain 1981 - David Hunter Hubel and Torsten N. Wiesel-Nobel Prize-visual system 1981 - RogerWolcott Sperry awarded Nobel Prize-functions brain hemispheres 1982 - Bengt Ingemar Bergstrom, John Robert Vane and Sune K. Bergstromawarded Nobel Prize for the discovery of prostaglandins. 1986 - Stanley Cohen and Rita Levi-Montalcini awarded Nobel prize fortheir work on the control of nerve cell growth. 1987 - Fluoxetine(Prozac) introduced as treatment for depression. 1990 - U.S. President George Bush declares the decade starting in 1990 the"Decade of the Brain". 1991 - Erwin Neher and Bert Sakmann share the Nobel Prize for their workon the function of singla ion channels. 1992 - National Institute on Drug Abuse becomes part of the NationalInstitutes of Health 1994 - Alfred G. Gilman and Martin Rodbell share the Nobel Prize for theirdiscovery of G-protein coupled receptors and their role in signaltransduction. 1997 - Stanley B. Prusiner awarded the Nobel Prize for the discovery ofprions; a new biological principle of infection. Wilder Penfield RogerSperry Courtesy of the Archives CaliforniaInstitute of Technology Per altre informazioni, cerca in: BriefHistory of the Reticular Formation Chronology ofthe National Institutes of Health Chronologyof Psychoactive Substance Use EarlyNeurophysiology EdwinSmith Surgical Papyrus TheEvolution of Organized Neurological Surgery in the United States HistoricalOverview of Neuropsychology History of BrainSurgery History ofDentistry History ofPsychology ImportantDates in Vision Science Founders of Neurology LegislativeChronology of the National Institutes of Health Mapping theMotor Cortex - A History Mind and Body: Rene Descartes to William James NeuroscienceTimeline - (warning: large graphic files) NobelPrize Winners - Neuroscience People andDiscoveries Pre-20thCentury Neuroscience Today in the Historyof Psychology THE JOHN C.Liebeskind History of Pain Collection [Vai all'inizio] [Go to Brain Facts] [Vai a Neuroscienze per Tutti]